Rebuttal essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer - Essay Example Governmental policy regarding minorities in society generally implies giving particular treatment to different gatherings in the public eye either for scholastic or business purposes. These arrangements are focused to battle segregation that has tormented American social orders for a considerable length of time. Doubtlessly, America is alluded as a â€Å"melting pot† the same number of people originate from different foundations. While governmental policy regarding minorities in society is an intense endeavor to offer reparations the transgressions of past decades, governmental policy regarding minorities in society should be killed since it prompts particular treatment, settles for what is most convenient option for execution, and prompts turn around separation. The creator contends that governmental policy regarding minorities in society demand that assorted variety in school will deliver an all the more sustaining condition. In spite of the fact that that might be consistent with a specific degree, it doesn't lessen the way that a various study hall is gotten from various assessments, not really from a race setting. It isn't right to expect that different study hall will advance more thoughts since race has little to do with development. A few understudies that are not conceded dependent on a legitimacy status battle to exceed expectations in their posts. For example, a person who gets acknowledged to frameworks expert situation at IBM, will keep on battling in the event that he doesn't comprehend the essentials of the executives data frameworks. On the off chance that that specific individual isn't fit for taking care of the entangled errands anticipated from him, at that point plainly he ought not have been utilized. The most noticeably awful part is the way that it has partitioned the nation profoundly in the issue as the defects of this enactment are profound to the point that it gives a bit of leeway to minorities. The entire idea of converse separation is a tremendous defect in the author’s rationale on the grounds that the creator demands it opens new entryways for circumstances. Notwithstanding, the creator neglects to deliver that it prompts special treatment. Envision a situation wherein a Caucasian and a minority both go after a high-capability position. For the

Quotation About Best Practice In Supervision Social Work Essay

Citation About Best Practice In Supervision Social Work Essay Koster (2003) expressed that management prompts psychological and enthusiastic training that can direct pragmatic work, liberates fixed examples of experience and conduct and advances the eagerness just as the capacity to act appropriately, cautiously and courageously(p1). This paper will investigate Kosters citation about best practice in oversight, corresponding to management in the zone of guiding. This exposition will likewise distinguish the advantages and challenges of management, with respect to guiding, that can emerge in oversight. Models from an individual point of view will be introduced on how oversight all through work experience empowered troublesome circumstances to be taken care of. Moreover, an examination of how adequately management was led all through work understanding, just as close to home proposals on upgrades of oversight in that work setting. Kosters quote speaks truth as oversight can prompt a wide range of positive and negative turns of events (Pelling, Bowers Armstrong, 2007). Specifically he asserts that it can prompt mental and passionate training that guides reasonable work, liberates from fixed examples of experience and practices. Oversight in advising is fundamental as it expects to expand mindfulness and improves proficient ability which will direct the supervisee all through their work in a certain way (Pelling, Bowers Armstrong, 2007), which is like what Koster is attempting to state. The objective of management is essentially about the supervisees formative development and expert mindfulness (Pelling, Bowers Armstrong, 2007). Which again drives back to Kosters quote about how oversight prompts improvement; and that advancement of experience will direct the supervisee all through their work in guiding. Intensive management, the supervisee will develop, reflect and create in their expert and individual aptitudes. It is through these improvements that will change their conduct that will in the end control them through their work to act in an appropriate, cautious and gallantly; all through their profession in directing. Which consequently, is indispensable for a guide as their psychological and passionate training needs to ceaselessly create, and this can be quickened through oversight. It very well may be said that various people and associations can profit by quality clinical management. Quality oversight is tied in with ensuring the customer isn't being hurt and is being helped to achieve built up objectives in skillfully proper manners, the beneficiary of advising administrations is the first to profit (Page Wosket, 1994). Most of the discussion in administrative meetings fixates on intercessions being utilized for the customer and advance to how the supervisee is worried with different pieces of the case. While the administrator is interfacing, explaining, clarifying, teaching, supporting and thinking of accommodating proficient mediations, someone else is profiting by this while communicating back to their chief the supervisee. As Pelling, Bowers, and Armstrong (2007) recommends: This is the place the supervisees extent of training, ability and knowledge is by and large purposefully and gradually extended. Connecting with administrators in the battle for understanding is significant for profound figuring out how to happen. In this sense it is the clinical material that is simply the educator, not simply the administrator. Oversight can protect the supervisee from business related pressure, differently alluded as wear out. (p. 126) What's more, if the supervisee is a student from an instructive foundation, the association itself benefits with the improvement of an increasingly capable and safe professional (Pelling, Bowers Armstrong, 2007). This gives the association a fantastic notoriety for supporting and suitably preparing the individuals in their charge in an expert way, consequently management being given by the association benefits the association with a decent positive expert notoriety. Finally, the clinical manager increases a lot from offering oversight. While they support the supervisees, their comprehension of clinical work, information, experience, the world and themselves builds up a lot and the feeling of satisfaction of being added substance to such a significant number of is in reality fulfilling and fulfilling (Pelling, Bowers Armstrong, 2007). Oversight can be a significant productive learning device, yet now and again challenges in management can make it a negative encounter. Moskowitz and Rupert (1983) found in their exploration, inside USA, that supervisees detailed that 38% of those overviewed guaranteed that there had been challenges and strife in their management that meddled with their learning. Their exploration further found that there are three significant zones of troubles and strife that emerge in oversight: hypothetical direction, style of management and character issues (Moskowitz Rupert, 1983). Contrasts in hypothetical direction may prompt troubles and struggle in oversight (Carroll Gilbert, 2006). In different associations, supervisees might not have a decision of a director and may maybe wind up getting administered by someone who has an alternate hypothetical to their own. For instance, an administrator might be persuaded of the rightness of their direction and isn't prepared to acknowledge obstruction that emerge from an alternate school of brain science. These distinctions in hypothetical direction are a typical issue in oversight and it might prompt fractures between the director and supervisee, thusly neglecting to arrange contrasts of this sort (Holloway, 1995). Besides, troubles and clashes may emerge in oversight with regards to the style of management. A few chiefs have a proper style while others have a casual style of approach (Carroll Gilbert, 2006). There are four unacceptable styles of management that cause clashes and troubles: constrictive oversight; formless management; unsupportive oversight; and helpful management (Abott, 1984). In the productive sort, there is constrained self-governance. In the formless kind, there is next to no administrative commitment and the administrator may have a to some degree free enterprise viewpoint to the whole procedure, where whatever happens goes. Unsupportive administrators are disagreeable and inaccessible and supervisees would not eagerly approach them with their challenges. Restorative management changes the supervisee into a patient while the chief assumes the situation of the specialist regularly in a steady and pushy way that infantilizes the supervisee (Carroll Gilbert, 2006). The last style of management that causes struggle and challenges is known as character issues. This is when there is a character conflict between the director and supervisee which can result to a burst in the administrative partnership (Carroll Gilbert, 2006). These cracks are frequently created by turmoil in correspondence, for instance the director may misjudge something the supervisee has said in a negative manner. Besides, the delight might be essentially be brought about by the supervisees own preventiveness. A model would be that the supervisee may act protectively when the manager gives criticism, subsequently causing a strain in the oversight relationship. Oversight is an important apparatus for a supervisee when they are experiencing issues managing their customer in a compelling proficient way. Whatever the issue is, concerning the prosperity of the customer, the supervisee can examine these issues all through management so as to reveal accommodating intercessions in managing the issue (Wosket, 1999). A model from work involvement with which oversight empowered to manage a troublesome circumstance, is when there was a customer who raised an issue that was hard to deal with. The explanation the issue was hard to deal with is on the grounds that there was constrained information around there and there was no trust in managing the issue. So as to manage this problem, it was raised to the consideration regarding the manager all through the oversight meeting. All through the oversight meeting the chief, tuned in to the quandary and posed explorative inquiries, offered empowering expressions and shared self-revelation. She additionally consequently, working the supervisee, thought of mediations to take care of together for the supervisee to deal with the battling case. The chief explained the issue to the supervisee and investigated potential clarifications and intercessions for the supervisee to consider. The supervisee filled in the holes of the information and asked the supervisee to consider and investigate choices how he will place the investigated intercessions in to activity. The administrator additionally utilized displaying and pretends to show the supervisee on how they may have the option to help their customer. So through management, the chiefs difficulties and encounters encouraged the supervisees basic reflection and learning, consequently this offered certainty to the supervisee to deal with and manage their troublesome circ umstance. A brief breakdown will as of now be offered on how effectively oversight was brought directly through work understanding. Management was directed viably on the grounds that the manager followed a critical procedure with the end goal for oversight to work at its best. The underlying management meeting is the point at which the administrator explained what the supervisee has done in the past concerning practice and oversight, and asks where they might want help. At the point when it went to the day by day management meetings, it was noted now and again that the administrator would follow a procedure directly from start to finish. When the supervisee had an issue, it would be looked completely. Issues talked about in management included: intercession procedures and likely arrangements; instructor proficient turn of events; supervisee customer coalition and limits; customer gives an

Whats happening with the Digital Currency Initiative

What’s happening with the Digital Currency Initiative Ive blogged before about how, a few years ago, Jeremy Rubin 16 managed to raise $500k in funding and a ton of faculty sponsors to distribute $100 in Bitcoin to every MIT undergraduate as his final project for the class I was teaching. Which, by the way, is not a bad final project for a sophomore year elective. Since then, that project has grown into the Digital Currency Initiative (DCI), based at the MIT Media Lab. As the DCI site says: The goal of the Media Lab Digital Currency initiative is to bring together global experts in areas ranging from cryptography, to economics, to privacy, to distributed systems, to take on this important new area of research. The effort will reach across the MIT campus, and we look forward to including collaborations with leading experts around the world. Heading the initiative is Brian Forde, former senior White House ?advisor for ?mobile and ?data ?innovation. He will work with Lab researchers and faculty across the MIT campus to explore the many issues involved in blockchain and bitcoin technology. Soon after the DCI was established, the Media Lab hired three of the core developers of Bitcoin to continue work on technical development, as well as my friend Chelsea Barabas SM 14 as the DCIs Head of Social Innovation (i.e., its her job to make sure that Bitcoin and related technologies help make the world a more, rather than less, fair and equitable place). Jeremy, who will graduate in June with a B.S. and MEng in Course 6 (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science) and concentration in Comparative Media Studies, still works on the project as well. Last November, Chelsea organized a MLTalk with the DCI developers and Media Lab director Joi Ito to talk about what they hoped the DCI could and would be: Earlier today, the DCI announced a $900,000 Bitcoin Developer Fund to to cover salaries, travel and overall support of Bitcoin protocol development efforts, including events like the Scaling Bitcoin workshop series. The fund makes no directives to developers on what work they should do or the positions they should take on policy decisions. Bitcoin specifically (and blockchain technologies more generally) have been the subject of praise, scorn, and fantasies of both the utopian and dystopian varieties. The truth, as always, is a bit more ambiguous than any given account. Personally, I like to think about the DCI as doing for blockchain what the W3C did for the world wide web: providing a stable shelter at MIT for a fragile technical ecosystem as it continues to develop, or, more specifically, a home for developers as they continue to work on (and work out) such a specification. Ill also note that LearningMachine, the company which operates our supplemental portfolio software SlideRoom, has partnered with the Media Lab to to build a blockchain issuing module and credential verification system extending the Labs digital certificate system. I dont think anyone really knows whats going to happen with Bitcoin and/or blockchain, but Im pretty excited that its future, whatever it is, is going to built here at MIT. Post Tagged #MIT Digital Currency Initiative

Research Proposal about Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Hydraulic Systems

Hydraulic engineering equipment is popular due to the enormous amount of high density power generated and transferred through small pipes and valves and the instant results attained on application of massive forces of torque. Hydraulic systems are usually very complex and, detection and diagnosis of faults should be very precise, however this could hamper the overall functioning of that particular system. Causes of faults within a hydraulic system may range from leaking valves or cylinder seal, blocked filters, to more massive faults such as complete failure of the whole hydraulic system, which often leads to considerable losses in performance and increase in operational costs. Hence, there is need for diagnostic information, which is a manual for fault diagnosis or as part of a wider architecture for system monitoring and control, which is key in detection of faults. The task of the diagnostic system is to apply data from one or more sensors to establish information regarding the fault condition of the system. Condition monitoring of hydraulic systems is equally essential in the early detection of component failure which could lead to better performance. Operational safety will be enhanced through control design process so as to enable continued safely and effective functioning until it can be shut down and the faulty components repaired (Staroswiecki, 2004). Against this background, this research is going to focus on two fundamental areas of fault detection and diagnosis in hydraulic systems: 1) efficient line fault detection techniques development by using a model-based approach and the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF). 2) Adaptive control strategy development that uses fault diagnosis information in ensuring safety and reliable performance of the system in the presence of performance impairing faults, using the multiple sliding mode control (MSMC). Reference Staroswiecki, M. (Eds.). (2004). Proceedings from 5th IFAC symposium 2003: Fault detection, supervision and safety of technical processes 2003. Washington, D.C: Elsevier.

What You Should Do to Find Out About Purchase Essays Before Youre Left Behind

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True Crime Documentaries and Tv Shows Free Essays

True crime documentaries and TV shows have grown in popular culture, but are more than entertainment; they have inspired the pursuit of many different careers. Television and movies are a major part of our everyday lives. Many of these movies and tv shows are influenced by real life situations giving them a natural and major influence on our behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on True Crime Documentaries and Tv Shows or any similar topic only for you Order Now There has always been study as to whether violence in movies and tv shows causes violent behavior in the younger generation. This has been shown by individuals in some U. S. chools violently imitating things they have seen in movies and shows. Research will also show that this violent behavior amongst the younger generation is increasing because of the influence of tv. The reason that television shows and movies influence us is that we try to associate with what we see. We try to find similarities between the characters and ourselves. Much of what we learn and associate with comes from documentaries. Some of the more popular documentaries are true crime mysteries. Along with these are documentaries about gang life and drugs. For the most part, these shows are meant to be educational in the matter of safety and the hope of teaching the population to make better decisions. Many tv shows such as CSI, Law and Order, Bones, and some others are meant for entertainment purposes. They are fictional dramas that may be based on true events. These true crime dramas have caused many different reactions. For some they are just entertainment and they do not associate anything from the episodes into their daily lives, but for many others, this is not the case. There is now something called the â€Å"CSI effect† where the exaggerated portrayal of forensic science on crime dramas actually influences public perception. Jurors are demanding more forensic evidence in criminal trials which actually raises the standard of proof for prosecutors. This turns into a â€Å"snowball† effect because as prosecutors demand more forensic evidence, so do the police in their investigations. The workload for crime laboratories has increased immensely and the number of forensic science programs in universities has greatly increased. The popularity of true life law enforcement shows such as Cops, DEA, Most Wanted, U. S. Marshals, and some others have also grown. Not only are these shows becoming more popular on an entertainment level, but they are also becoming recruitment tools. Many people have made the decision to join the Border Patrol solely on what they have learned from watching the popular series on tv. True crime documentaries and TV shows have grown in popular culture, but are more than entertainment; they have inspired the pursuit of many different careers. How to cite True Crime Documentaries and Tv Shows, Papers

Intelligence Quotient

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) refers to a standardized measure of human intelligence. The standard is dependent on deviations that an individual makes. According to psychologists, all individuals have a presumed IQ of 100. The standard deviation of 30 implies that an individual may fall short of 100 or exceed the standard.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligence Quotient – A Measure of Human Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, IQ ranges between 70 and 130. IQ scores help humans to predict achievement, needs or even performance of individuals (Bradberry Greaves, 2009). Considering global trends and empirical data, human IQ seems to rise by an average of 3 scores across the world for every decade. As such, it is not surprising that the intelligence of the American recruits has risen by 24 scores since the World War I. The phenomenon where the average intelligence rise across the world and overtime is known as the Flynn Effect. It implies that the world will have people of higher intelligence in the future whose mental faculties will mature at an accelerated rate. There are various explanations of the Flynn effect. While Flynn does not agree that, the increment in IQ gains contributes to the effect, other proponents point out several issues that they see as important in enhancing IQ gains. Antonakis et al. (2009) say that education levels have risen across the world and consequently, the literacy levels have increased. People are currently directing huge proportion of their disposable incomes to education, both formal and informal. To that end, it is logical to attribute increased value for learning and education to IQ gains. Second, they articulate that social dynamics and changes have contributed to IQ gains by global population. Societies are currently under the pressure to work within time spans that prompt adaptation of human IQ and other cognitive aspects to re spond to pressure posed by time limits. Another potential cause for the massive IQ gains is the improved nutrition and diet across the world. While it is true, that improved access and availability of nutritious food increases with time, so is the IQ gain (Martins et al., 2010). Nonetheless, debate rages on to the actual causes of rise in intelligence levels since there are other factors at play beyond the few above. Besides, the reliability of IQ score as a method to measure intelligence has been under severe criticism since the components of intelligence remain partially unknown. In fact, it is arguable that IQ is in itself a component of intelligence. Similarly, the IQ gain comprising the Flynn effect has elicited different perspectives and theories.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The great divide in competencies refers to the gap that exists between emotions and the body. It is important as it helps people to understand various ways they can manage their social, professional and emotional skills. In addition, it facilitates the growth of emotional intelligence that reflects the combination of thoughts and feelings. To the contrary, human beings have competences that are purely cognitive such as logical thinking and reasoning. The great divide is important since it helps in the management of self-awareness as we strive for personal competence (Bradberry Greaves, 2009). This entails ability to gain emotional awareness in which an individual is able to recognize his/her emotions and their implications on self and others. In addition, it leads to accurate self-assessment whereby a person comprehend their strong points and weaknesses that in turn leads to self-confidence. Other aspects of personal competencies that the great divide brings out are self-regulation and motivation. Social competency also arises from the great divide where an individual becomes pro ficient in handling and developing others leading to an improvement in social competency and skills. In fact, it revolves around the ability to manage the human interactions patterns. In this scenario, the IQ of US army recruits has grown substantially over the last decades. The proponent argues that in the context of recruitment process, recruits always react to their instincts and increases their ability to control their emotions and feelings. Apparently, the process of recruitment involves extreme tests on individual’s emotional stability prompting the recruits to learn how to control the emotions (Brody, 2004). With the increased expectations from the recruits, the emotional intelligence develops as they encounter situations eliciting emotions. Peter Principle refers to the aspect of organizational culture in which promotion into new positions will depend on the competencies of the individual. This implies that an individual whose competence is at peak cannot rise to a hi gher job in the hierarchy. The principle articulates that an individual will receive a promotion up to a particular point when their competencies will fall below the expectations and job requirements of the position (Martins et al., 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligence Quotient – A Measure of Human Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While we applaud the need for meritocracy in every organization, it is noticeable that at a given point all the positions in the hierarchy of organization will bear people who are not competent enough to carry out the job requirements. Through continued education and skills development, organizations are able to resolve the problems associated with The Peter Principle. Despite increase of competencies and skills of the employees, the principle predicts that the effect will return owing to consequent promotions. The text claims that attention is the gr eatest resource since it is through it that people are able to comprehend the great divide in competencies. This enhances the development of cognitive processes such as self-awareness and self-confidence (Goleman, 2000). Besides, attention helps people to understand the patterns of interaction with other people that they encounter in the mainstream society leading to superior social skills. Without attention, people could not be in a position to develop the emotional intelligence and other cognitive aspects. This essay on Intelligence Quotient – A Measure of Human Intelligence was written and submitted by user Saige Mcfadden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

WordStarâ€The First Word Processor

WordStar- The First Word Processor Released in 1979 by Micropro International, WordStar was the first commercially successful word processing software program produced for microcomputers. It became the  best-selling software program of the early 1980s. Its inventors were Seymour Rubenstein and Rob Barnaby. Rubenstein had been the director of marketing for  IMS Associates Inc.  (IMSAI), a  California-based  computer company, which he left in 1978 to start his own software company. He convinced Barnaby, the  chief programmer for IMSAI, to join him, and gave him the task of writing a data processing program. What is Word Processing? Prior to the invention of word processing, the only way to get ones thoughts down on paper was via a typewriter or a printing press. Word processing, however, allowed people to write, edit, and produce documents (letters, reports, books, etc.) by using a computer and computer software designed specifically to rapidly and efficiently manipulate text.   Early Word Processing The first computer word processors were line editors, software-writing aids that allowed a programmer to make changes in a line of program code. Altair programmer Michael Shrayer decided to write the manuals for computer programs on the same computers the programs ran on. He wrote the somewhat popular, and the actual first PC word processing program, called the Electric Pencil, in 1976. Other early word processor programs worth noting were: Apple Write I, Samna III, Word, WordPerfect, and Scripsit. The Rise of WordStar Seymour Rubenstein first started developing an early version of a word processor for the IMSAI 8080 computer when he was director of marketing for IMSAI. He left to start MicroPro International Inc. in 1978 with only $8,500 in cash. At Rubensteins urging, software programmer Rob Barnaby left IMSAI to join MicroPro. Barnaby wrote the 1979 version of WordStar for CP/M, the mass-market operating system created for  Intels 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall, released in 1977.  Jim Fox, Barnabys assistant, ported (meaning re-wrote for a different operating system) WordStar from the CP/M operating system  to MS/PC DOS,  the by-now-famous operating system introduced by MicroSoft and  Bill Gates  in 1981. The 3.0 version of WordStar for DOS was released in 1982. Within three years, WordStar was the most popular word processing software in the world. However, by the late 1980s, programs like WordPerfect knocked Wordstar out of the word processing market after the poor performance of WordStar 2000. Said Rubenstein about what happened: In the early days, the size of the market was more promise than reality...WordStar was a tremendous learning experience. I didnt know all that much about the world of big business. Influence of WordStar Still, communications as we know it today, in which everyone is for all intents and purposes their own publisher, would not exist had WordStar not pioneered the industry. Even then,  Arthur C. Clarke, the famous science-fiction writer, seemed to know its importance.  Upon meeting Rubenstein and Barnaby, he said: I am happy to greet the geniuses who made me a born-again writer, having announced my retirement in 1978, I now have six books in the works and two [probables], all through WordStar.

BiblioBoard Getting your ebook into libraries The Reedsy Blog

BiblioBoard Getting your ebook into libraries The Reedsy Blog Getting Indie Authors Into Libraries - An Interview with Mitchell Davis of BiblioBoard When you want to know where to sell your ebooks, availability is always king. Why do you want your book on the Kindle store? Because Kindles are everywhere. Why do you want to be on the iBook store? Because iBooks is is available on over 800 million iOS devices. So when BiblioBoard say they want to help indie authors reach a network of over 2500 participating libraries, every single indie author should be paying attention.Part of their strategy for this comes back to two big ideas we’ve encountered across conversations with authors and entrepreneurs. First they offer curation that helps buyers, whether they’re readers or librarians, find the kind of books they’re looking for. Second, they’re helping to normalise independent publishing, giving indie authors an equal footing with traditionally published authors, and of course by getting their books into new spaces like public libraries.Mitchell Davis is the founder and chief business officer of  BiblioLabs ,  the creators of BiblioBoard. We spoke to Mitchell about why they started BiblioBoard, and how they’re going to help introduce the work of self-published authors to libraries across first America, and eventually the world.MITCHELL DAVISLibraries had talked to us quite a bit about knowing there were good self-published books out there, but not having the time, energy or resources to sift through them to figure out which ones they should make available to patrons. I think our background made us a natural fit for wanting to solve this problem.We first visited Library Journal in early 2014 and they knew they wanted to do something with self-publishing, but felt the LJ brand was not right to sell reviews (other publications had started selling reviews to self-published authors). As we talked, it became clear that LJ and their network of librarian reviewers were the perfect â€Å"advisory† for self-published books. They could apply their expertise to helping librarians l icense the best self-published books by genre. By paying a subscription fee and trusting LJ’s review process the library could make self-published books available to their patrons for small cost and with no headaches or hassles.What we bring to the table is the technology, product development and sales. Libraries have a huge untapped potential as a book discovery platform, but they have never had an eBook distribution platform that would let them do this successfully. LJ did a patron profile survey a couple of years ago that showed 50% of people who discover an author in the library go on to buy a book by that author. This partnership unlocks the potential of that statistic to the benefit of self-published authors.Authors selected for SELF-e get a â€Å"badge† for their book and marketing materials, exposure via Library Journal and inclusion in a service that will reach millions of potential readers. This is a marketing exercise for them to have their writing discovere d.Since our platform allows unlimited multi-user access to books (most library lending systems force books to be loaned out one at a time) librarians do not have to be terrified that if a book becomes popular it will cost them more money or create long waiting lists. Librarians can now be allies with self-published authors to help them build readership.Once an author has built an audience, they can start trying to build a writing career if that is their desire (by selling other books or selling print books). And, of course, there are plenty of self-published authors who aren’t writing for the money. So for them this is about getting people to discover and read their writing or ensure their library can have an eBook available to the local community. Whatever an author’s motivations for self-publishing, we think SELF-e can help them achieve their objectives.REEDSYCuration seems to be the #1 word in any book distribution business nowadays. How will you curate the content for SELF-e?MITCHELL DAVISThe Library Journal has developed a process to manage the workflow. The books are being assessed for ease of reading, pacing, editing and other common issues seen with self-published books. Publishers do this for books- but librarians have done this for decades as well. This gives librarians a chance to get on the front end of the process. I wrote an interesting article called â€Å"How Libraries and Patrons Can Beat Publishers at Publishing† that dives into this a bit more. The title is a bit tongue in cheek, but the points are valid.REEDSYAnother great feature of BiblioBoard/SELF-e is the â€Å"local library† approach. You can make your book available to your local library (something many indies are already trying to do on their own). How does this work exactly, and how does your platform make it easier?MITCHELL DAVISLibraries have been struggling to solve this problem since self-published eBooks began. Libraries get a branded submission form from their own website. It takes about 5 minutes for the author to submit their eBook. We accept ePubs and PDFs (meaning, that even if an author has not yet converted their book to ePub, they can still make their book available). The author can then opt to make the book available through any public library in the state that subscribes to BiblioBoard. It is a very simple process for both the author and the library.REEDSYHow big is your network of local libraries? Is it U.S.-only or do you cover other countries?MITCHELL DAVISCurrently we reach over 2500 libraries in the U.S. We have customers in the U.K. and continental Europe, but these are mostly academic and national libraries so they are not really involved in SELF-e yet.REEDSYNow to the good old startup question: the business model. Authors hate to pay, and libraries provide â€Å"free content†, so it’s even more difficult to take money from their side†¦ so, where do you make money?MITCHELL DAVISSELF-e is free to authors, but we also do not pay royalties. It is common for authors to pay commercial services like BookBub to give books away for free in order to promote themselves. We thought there was a better business model around this activity than charging the authors.We sell a platform to libraries- BiblioBoard- and we also sell content that libraries can make available to patrons on the same platform. The platform pricing is based on the size and budget of the library (larger libraries with more patrons pay more, smaller libraries pay less). The SELF-e submission system is part of the core BiblioBoard platform.The modules that will be curated by Library Journal (by genre) are an additional product sold as a subscription service to the libraries. There is a compelling value proposition to the library in the work of selecting and making available hundreds of great self-published books on an elegant platform. New titles will come in every quarter and the subscription will grow its conten t offering over time. The first products will come out next year and our intent is to price them inexpensively to encourage as many libraries as possible to participate.REEDSYI see that some of the biggest names in the indie author community (Barbara Freethy, CJ Lyons, Hugh Howey) actively endorse you guys. So I guess they are themselves using SELF-e to have their book distributed to your network of libraries, right?MITCHELL DAVISThese authors see the value in what we are doing because doing these kinds of promotions and building readership launched their own careers. And they endorse what we are doing because they believe in the power of libraries to help authors. But these authors are not part of SELF-e. We have created a different model for the distribution of books by self-published authors who are already successful.We just announced a new product called Indie Rock Stars where Hugh, Barbara, CJ and around 30 other successful self-published author’s books will be availabl e for reasonably priced, multi-user access on BiblioBoard. We do see ways SELF-e and Indie Rock Stars can work together as things move forward. As authors start to take off within SELF-e we believe some of them will break out and become Indie Rock Stars.REEDSYI discussed this question with Libiro (an indie-only eBook store) a few weeks ago, and it’d be interesting to have your view on it from an indie-only distribution-to-libraries platform perspective. Can you envision a future where readers, libraries and bookstores don’t care how the book has been published? If yes, how far away is this future?MITCHELL DAVISI don’t think readers really care much today. I think librarians care to the extent that the publishers make their jobs easier in selecting books. One big problem that publishers solve for librarians is they give a degree of confidence that the books they purchase will not embarrass them.What we are doing with SELF-e solves that problem also, but much furt her upstream and with libraries actively engaged in the process. Library Journal (and eventually librarians themselves) can sit on this wellspring of self-published content and start having a formative voice in how books reach readers. It is not outlandish to think that if we create the right user-experience that in five years a massive number of people (think: Amazon or Instagram type numbers) will think of the local library first when they want to discover a new author digitally.REEDSYReedsy is all about providing author publishers with the same level of quality they’d get through a big 5 publisher, and, in a way, raising the standard of self-publishing. So we are definitely chasing this future. How do you see both our startups integrating or collaborating in the next few years?MITCHELL DAVISI think our partnership will help authors get the help they need to go from being writers to being authors. If an author has already published their book, then that is pretty straightfo rward, but we are working with library writers programs and many other library-connected services that will generate first time manuscripts. Reedsy can provide a place for them to find the professional services they need to succeed. I am excited to see what develops between us as time goes forward.REEDSYAn easy one to finish: what’s the next big thing/milestone for Biblioboard?MITCHELL DAVISOur â€Å"next big thing† is a new user interface that will roll out in mid 2015. We have learned a lot over the past two years from library patrons and library partners; and, of course, technology stacks improve over a two-year period.Individual libraries will be branded on the new interface and we have incorporated a more visual and social way for libraries to â€Å"desk curate† the experience for their own patrons in a super simple way. We have added a whole set of tools for patrons to build their own lists and boards to help them easily organize books, videos, images, his torical documents, audio- anything their library makes available to them digitally- in one simple place.BiblioBoard will ultimately succeed by word-of-mouth and return users. We know this is what it takes for platforms to succeed today- just look at Uber, AirBnB and Evernote. Libraries live in the same world as these companies, and to be digitally relevant they have to deliver equally compelling user experiences.REEDSYThanks for your time Mitchell.What do you think about this innovative way of getting indie authors into libraries? We (Reedsy and Biblioboard) would love to hear your comments, so do join the conversation below!

Classical Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Classical Liberalism - Essay Example Locke attempted to protect some areas of personal life from governmental action. People should not be deprived of their property rights by the state. The acceptance of the government authority over people is to ensure that the latter protects their property and liberty. In ancient times, people enjoyed full-fledged freedom and liberty; and the state should endeavor to provide these rights (Stein 21). The Lockean perception states that the fundamental duty of the state is to protect private property. However, this theory has been discounted because the state has extended protection to only property that it creates and to the extent to which it deems to be sufficient. The state is the bestower as well as the depriver of property. Consequently, the restrictions imposed by the state on land use become an intrinsic part of the land (Epstein 129). A state that controls private property is akin to a dictatorship. Moreover, a state that strictly protects the right to private property, cannot address crises effectively. For instance, during times of war, natural disasters and economic depressions the state is empowered to control private property. However, classical liberalism requires the state to operate under certain limitations, while seizing private property. Therefore, a classical liberal society cannot survive in a real time environment and it cannot build gigantic projects like the Tennessee Valley Authority. Such classical liberal societies cannot deal with the Texas farmers in drought situations. There will be no technological advancement in a classical liberal society. It cannot launch expedition to outer space, and there would be no scientific experiments (Rockwell). The sole ruler of a society is its legislation, therefore, it is irrelevant as to who wins in the elections or who emerges as the president. Communities develop by themselves, and the future of the people is determined by their actions.

Literacy essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literacy - Essay Example clearly put the whole justice system into a question; whether the evidence of ‘crime’ is the sole criteria of declaring guilty of the prime suspect and whether the crime should be seen from a wider perspectives? The story revolves around the place of crime where ‘Minnie Foster or Mrs. Wright as she is now called’ is accused of murdering her husband. Peter Hale, along with Sheriff and County Attorney visit the house to get the ‘feel’ of the murder and gather clue that might have led to it. Sheriff’s wife and Mrs. Hale also accompany them as some personal items were needed by the Mrs. Wright, who was in custody. While the men folk wander around the scene of the crime, the women remain in the kitchen and try to interpret the events by observing small things that was out of sync with the general way, women work in the house and kitchen. When they notice a block of the quilt that was very different from the rest and looked ‘as if the distracted thoughts of the woman who had perhaps turned to it to try and quiet herself were communicating themselves to her’ (Glaspell, 1993). Both the women perceive the signs that would have been emotionally disturbing for Mrs. Wright, the accused. Finally, when they find the dead canary in the sewing box, they hide the evidence that would have conclusively implicated Mrs. Wright and in their own way, try to give justice to the woman who might have been forced to commit the crime and knew that she would be denied justice if the men found the ‘evidence’! In the literary analysis of the short story by Elaine Hedges that was published in a leading international journal of Women’s studies in 1986, Hedge’s interpretation of the story became highly relevant because they brought into focus the weakness of the legal system that relies heavily on the machinations of ‘evidences’. It also highlights a very pertinent observation in the investigative techniques that are adopted by the two genders. While men like to

Database Management System

Database Management System Database for more Complex Information data Aim To review Why OODBMS is the DBMS of Choice for Complex data. Introduction: The aim of this research is to review why Object oriented database system (OODBMS) is the database management system of choice for complex data application OODBMS is a database management system that supports the modelling and creation of data as objects, includes supports for classes of objects, inheritance of class properties, methods by subclasses and their objects. Some Client Server application uses RDBMS for data storage and Object oriented programming language for development. This type of scenario would have performance issues because objects must be mapped to the database tables this is referred to as impedance mismatch. To avoid this object-relational impedance mismatch problems caused by having to map object, it became necessary to have an alterative method of storing and mapping data. Client server application using RDBMS as described above is not a good choice for complex data as such OODBMS provides a better alternative. Origin and History of OODBMS Database Management System (DBMS) is software designed for managing and controlling access to databases. DBMS is â€Å"a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data) designed to meet the information needs of an organisation† (Connolly Begg). The first DBMS was introduced in the ‘60s and before this time, data handling was done using file based method. File based method stored data in individual data files with interface between programmes and files. Mapping happens between physical and logical file, where one file correspond to one or more several other programs. Extensive programming in third generation language like Cobol, were used in creating, manipulating and accessing data. There are so many problems with this method of storing data e.g. increased programme maintenance and development time, redundant data, weak security, separation and isolation which means each program maintains its own set of data, users of one program may not be aware of holding or blocking by other programs. As a result of the limitations in File based method a better way of data handling was required which led to the creation of DBMS to address these problems. The need to organise and share data on large sized projects also contributed to the creation of DBMS. DBMS control the organisation and structure of the data storage and is independent of the program that is being used to access the data. Early DBMS systems represent the first generation of DBMS and theses are: Hierarchical design by IBM Information Management System IMS.IMS is still the main hierarchical DBMS used by most large mainframe installations. Network design by General Electric Integrated Data Store (IDS) -CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) or DBTG Systems The main problems with the Hierarchical and Network designs are that the Systems lack structural independence and are very complex The distinguishing feature of storing data in files and databases is that multiple programs and types of users are able to use the databases. Relational database management system (RDBMS) The term Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) was introduced by Edgar Frank Codd in his paper, â€Å"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks† which was published in 1970. This paper formalized the basis for a RDBMS. RDBMSs are referred to as the second-generation Database Management systems, and the definition of what constitutes a relational database system with the guideline for the development of RDBMS is in Codds 12 Rules for relational systems published in 1985. RDBMS has three main characteristics which are: Information are held in form of a table, where data are described using values. Data in the table columns should not be repeated. Use of Standard Query Language (SQL). Relational model is the main data model and the foundation for many leading database products that include DB2 from IBM, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Microsofts Access and SQL Server, and Ingres. The market for RDBMS represent close to a multibillion-dollar. No need for the use of predefined keys to input information in RDBMS which make it more flexible than the first generation DBMS. Also SQL is easy to learn making RDBMS more productive. the main advantage of RDBMSs is the ease with which users can easily create, access and manipulate data if need be. Other benefits of RDBMS are: Multi-threading for users. Asynchronous Input/Output for performance issues. Data Partitioning. Parallel database queries for processing complex query. Scalable architecture. Advanced management tools and security with automatic data logging and recovery Referential Integrity for Data consistency. Transactional management features for database consistency Though RDBMSs has served effectively for number of years, it has certain limitations that were exposed by increasingly demands for complex data types and high performance applications. RDBMS limitations include but not limited to the following: Relational databases are unable to handle complex multimedia data such as images, video and audio clips due to lack of storage capacity. RDBMS support only few simple datatypes, e.g. integer, floating point, character string and date/time. These user-defined datatypes are useful just for defining value domains. Some RDBMS support binary large objects (BLOBs, image, text) which are used as pointers to external storage, these objects are difficult to manage and exchange. Standard SQL is limiting, which made vendor to create specific extensions such as, Sybase Transact-SQL, Oracle SQL*Plus. Also RDBMS do not work efficiently with languages such as Java scripts and C++ which emerged after the RDBMS original development Impedance mismatch: The data type in the database systems is mismatching with the complex data structure created by application. RDBMS also uses mixed different programming paradigms, in which data with different types and locations are handled at the same time. Information in RDBMS are in tables where relationships between the entities are defined by values. Data in RDBMS cannot represent Real World Entities; normalization leads to relations that do not correspond to object in the real world Because of the above limitations and the challenges of Complex data applications, Internet and the Web usage, Object-oriented databases management system (OODBMS) was introduced in the 1980s. OODBMS offer extensible and controlled data management services, consistency, data independent and secure environment, to object-oriented model. OODBMS handle big and complex information systems that RDBMS was unable to handle. RDBMS has been very successful with huge investments in its development by many big database vendors. RDBMS has many loyal customer base in the corporate relational databases community and a large Industry based on RDBMS applications and systems development. Because of this, major RDBMS vendors (Oracle, IBM, and Informix) came up with another DBMS called Object Related Database Management System (ORDBMS) to allow organisations to run legacy systems and new Object Oriented based systems in parallel, and gradually migrates to the new ORDBMS technology as its benefits become more apparent Thus RDBMS vendors developed ORDBMS as a way to meet the challenges of the traditional RDBMSs and as a future proof for corporate investment. However ORDBMS still fail to hide the inherent mismatch between relational and object oriented database models. Object oriented database system (OODBMS) have their origin in Object Oriented Programming Languages (OOPL). OODBMS started as a research in the mid ‘70s, the research is based on having a real database management support for graph-structured objects. Around this time also, several shortcomings of RDBMS were highlighted within the database community and It was also acknowledge that OOPL had very strong advantages over the non-OOPL for many programming applications. Some of the advantages are: Strong encapsulations which make it easier to program large and complex applications Inheritance features, which enable code reuse. Application programmers also want to make object persistent that is object lifespan should extend beyond single program execution One of the early researches project on OODBMS was the ORION Research Project in the early 1980, which was conducted by Won Kim at the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC). Two products were developed from the research, the ITASCA that is no longer in existence and the Versant OODBMS. Some other OODBMS commercial products are Gemstone that was known before as Servio Logic, Gbase (Graphael) and Vbase (Ontologic) In the early ‘90s addition products entered the market, some of these are: Objectivity/DB (Objectivity, Inc) ObjectStore (Progress Software, as acquisition from excelon which was originally Object Design) O2 snd Versant Object database (Versant Corporation) ONTOS (Ontos Inc formally Ontologic) ITASCA Jasmine (Fujitsu, marketed by Computer Associates) Some of these products are still available in the market with the introduction of new commercial Open source products in early 2004 e.g InterSystems , Ozone, Zope , FramerD and XL2. The open source products are gaining high recognition in the markets. The concepts of persistence to object programming language have been added to OODBMS. Early commercial products were integrated with programming languages e.g. Gemstone uses Smalltalk, Gbase uses LSIP and Vbase uses COP. C++ is the dominant language during the early 90s for OODBMS markets. Java and C# were introduce by vendors in the late 90s. The open source object databases are entirely written in Object Oriented Programme languages like Java or C#, e.g. db4objects (db4o) and Perst (McObject). Chris Muller has also recently created another open source Object database called Magma (Written in Squeak). Open Source products are reasonably affordable and easy to use and this opes the second growth period for Object database. Manifestos â€Å"The Object Oriented Database Manifesto† by Atkinson et al, 1989 listed the mandatory features that a system needs before it can be known as an OODBMS. Object oriented database manifesto abandons the relational model design by determining the basic rules of object database systems. The characteristics of the object DBMS is grouped into three by the Manifesto. Mandatory: Encapsulation, Object identity, types/classes, complex objects, overriding combined with late binding, inheritance, extensibility, persistence, computational completeness, concurrency, ad hoc query , secondary storage management and recovery facilities.. Open: this is decided on by the designer and include the representation of system, uniformity of type system and the programming paradigm Optional: includes multiple inheritance, type checking, inferring, distributions, versions and design transactions The OODBMS manifesto was unacceptable by some relational database professional, so another competitive manifestos was introduced â€Å"The Third-generation System Manifesto† by Stonebraker et al 1990.This manifesto retain all features of relational Database System that are practically proven (e.g. SQL) and augment the old features with new ones, e.g. the object-oriented concepts. â€Å"The Third Manifesto† which is written by Darwen and Date 1995 rejected both the object-oriented ideas and SQL which according to them defeat the relational models ideas, and to return to the genuine relational model and Codds 12 rule. The document produced for this manifesto is very controversial, from the current way software engineering and query/programming languages are done now. The arguments presented in this manifesto are more ideological rather than technical and this make the manifesto very difficult to be accepted by many databases professional. The newest version of the manifesto (2006) still retains these ideological assertions. Object-Oriented Database Management System Development review OODBMS stores Objects rather than data such as Integers, strings and real numbers, Objects consists of Attributes and Methods Attributes: They are data that defines the characteristics of an object. This data may be integers, strings and real number, or the data may be a reference to a complex object. Methods: This defines the behaviour of an object and methods are procedures or functions. The introduction of OODBMS was to reduce impedance mismatch between programming languages and database management system, to offer performance advantages and to provide clear support for complex user defined type including the ability to call, store and query complex object directly The developments of OODBMS support the modelling and creation of data as objects, extends programming languages with capabilities like data recovery, concurrency control, persistent and other relational capabilities. OODBMS are used when there is a need for good performance processing on complex applications because it takes a revolutionary approach to database management. OODBMS do not use table to store data, data are stored in objects and it handles concurrent access and provides a persistent store for objects in a multi-user client/server environment. OODBMS uses class definitions and traditional Object Oriented languages such as, C++ and Smalltalk for defining and accessing data instead of using separate language like SQL in defining, manipulating and retrieving data. OODBMS can be viewed as an extension of the OO language, providing direct integration to database capabilities. Object-Oriented database development initially focuses only on application that manages complex information like the Computer Aided Software Engineering, Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and Computer Aided design (CAD) applications. Other applications where object-oriented database technologies are now being used include: Telecommunications applications Hospital applications Finance institutions Multimedia applications Document/quality management OODBMS development enforces object oriented programming concepts such as data encapsulation, polymorphism, object Identity, inheritance as well as database transaction management concepts e.g the ACID PROPERTIES (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) which improve the integrity of the system.. OODBMS also support secondary storage management systems with ad hoc query languages , these permits the management of very large data. The inclusion of data definition within operations definitions in Object Oriented Database Management System has the following advantages: The defined operations are not dependent on the database application running at the moment and they apply ubiquitously. Inheritance allows the development of solutions for complex problems incrementally, and this is achieved by defining new objects in terms of the previously defined objects. Extension of Datatypes to support complex data such as multi-media, this is done by defining new object classes which have operations to support the new kinds of information. Object identity (OID) enables objects to be independent of each other in the database. Data encapsulation, this allows the internal state of the object to be hidden. Objects that are encapsulated are the ones that can only be assessed by their methods instead of their internal states. There are three types of encapsulated objects: Full encapsulation, here all the operations on objects are performed through message sending and by the execution of method. Write encapsulation, here the internal state of the object is allowed for reading operations only. Partial encapsulations, this allows direct access to reading and writing to some part of the internal state Another distinguishing characteristic of objects is that they have an identity that is independent of the state of the object. For example, if one has a car object and we remodel the car and change its appearance, the brake and the tires so that it looks entirely different, it would still be recognized as the same object we had originally before the changes were applied. Object-identity allows objects to be related as well as shared within a distributed computing network. All of these advantages come together to provide significant help to database application developers making development easier. The advantages also allow object-oriented databases development to solve information management problems that are characterized by the need to manage: A large number of different data types, A large number of relationships between the objects, and Objects with complex behaviours. An application development where this kind of complexity exists includes engineering, manufacturing, simulations, office automation and large information systems. Currently there is no widely agreed standard for what constitutes an OODBMS and no standard query language for OODBMS that is equivalent to what SQL is to the RDBMS. The Object Data Management Group (ODMG) a consortium of Object-Oriented Database Management System (ODBMS) vendors and interested parties working on standards to allow the portability of customer software across ODBMS products and to create a standardized Object Query Language (OQL) and object definition language (ODL). The work of ODMG on object data management standards completed in 2001 and the group was disbanded. The final release of the ODMG standard is: Object Database Standard (ODMG-3.0). Because the ODMG group was dissolved in 2001and this made the standardization of Object database languished. Another group was formed in 2005 called the OMG,s Object Database Technology Working group (ODBTWG) which is now working on a new standard to reflect recent changes in OODBMS technology. The main features of an OODBMS development is the way in which object is access in a transparent way such that interaction with persistent objects is the same as interacting with in memory objects. RDBMSs require the use of interaction through a query sub-language like SQL and the use of ODBC, ADO or JDBC. All this is unnecessary with OODBMS. In OODBMS when a request is made for an object in the database, the object is transferred into the applications cache where it is either used as a temporary value that is detached from the main version in the database so any updates to the cached object will not affect the object in the database. Object can also be used as the exact copy of the version in the database, so here any updates to the object are shown in the database and any changes to object in the database means the object has to be retrieved again from the OODBMS. There are a number of implementation of OODBMS with both research and commercial application. Each implementation is different based on the Object oriented languages, which form their origin. Some of these developments are discussed below: Gemstone: This was mainly based on smalltalk and its data definition and manipulation language is called opal. Gemstone do not provide all of most of the object-oriented features, it does not provide multiple inheritance. Iris: This is a research prototype, with the purpose if meeting the needs of applications like CASE tools, CAD etc. (Fisman et al (1987). It is designed to be accessible from any number of programming languages VBase: This is commercially available and is built with a schema definition language concept when objects are defined as data types. The main purposed of Vbase is to combine the procedural language with persistent object support, it also has the strong typing inherent in object systems for both language and database. O2: This is based on the framework of a set and tuple data model. It is designed with the purposed of integrating database technology with the object- oriented approach, for an all in one system. (Lecluse , et al 1988) Most of the OODBMS development discussed, tried to meet object orientation approach in someway, they do this by implementing various OODBMS features. There are major differences in the physical implementation of each model as well as the number of features implemented. Two Examples of companies using OODBMS are: British Telecominication uses Versant Mclaren develop the Formula one racing car uses Jasmine OODBMS Comparison criteria between RDBMS and OODBMS including the pros and cons. RDBMS and OODBMS differ in many ways example is in application domain, performance, usage, current market demand and support from vendors. RDBMS and OODBMS comparisons are done to get a better understanding for how the two databases differ and why OODBMS is better for large complex applications. A significant difference between object-oriented databases and relational databases is that object-oriented databases represent relationships explicitly, supporting both navigational and associative access to information data. As the complexity of the interrelation between database information increases, so is the advantage of representing relationships explicitly increase too. Explicit relationships usage also improves data access performance over relational value-based applications. Support for Object Oriented Programming Language (OOPL): Object Oriented Programming is not ideal for RDBMS, programmers spend most of the of coding time mapping the program object to the database In OODBMS, programming is direct and extensive, OOPL are designed to allow an application developer to create a complex sequence of instructions with less difficulty Standards: The defined standard for RDBMS is SQL, with main elements being DDL, DML DCL. The current version of the standard is SQL 3, SQL 3 defines the new features used in ORDBMS. ODMG is the group that maintains the standards for OODBMS the main components of standard being ODL and OQL. Most recent version of this standard is ODMG-3.0 and there are no new standard yet to reflect the advances in OODBMS technology. Product Maturity: RDBMS is a second generation and in a much matured stage. RDBMSs have good implementation with many support services such as the tool support for reporting, data transformations, OLAP tools etc. RDBMS is available from many vendors; this made it an obvious choice for most of the users. OODBMS is the 3rd generation DBMS making it relatively new, it emerged after the RDBMS, new ODMG standard still not in the final stage. Some implementations are available but still do not fully support all the features. Simplicity of use: The table structure in RDBMS is very easy to understand by user and also RDBMS has many end-user tools. OODBMS is mainly for developers, not many end user tools are available for object database products but this is hopefully expected to improve over time. Versioning of Data: Versioning of data is not supported by RDBMS but the user using multiple records with some of the attributes describing the versioning information can implement this feature. Versioning are defined by the user Versioning is supported naturally by OODBMS this is to maintain multiple versions of the data objects Complex data relationships: RDBMS provides basic relational tables, user-defined sets of records with system-defined domains, in addition to more high-level types defined in application. OODBMS has the same type system for system-defined and user-defined types. It is open-ended. Performance: OODBMS performed better than RDBMS based on the Object Operations version OO1 benchmark that was done on the OODBMS software (GemStone, Objectivit0079/DB, Ontos, Objectstore) and RDBMSs (Ingres and Sybase) in 1989 and 1990. Object in OODBMS is a better model of the real world entity than the relational rows in regards to complex applications. OODBMS outperform RDBMS when it comes to handling complex and interrelated data. Also the lack of impedance mismatch in OODBMS means they provide significantly better performance than RDBMS. Impedance mismatch require the mapping of one data structure i.e. tables to another data structure i.e. objects and this slows down performance on in RDBMs. Also the client catching features in OODBMS improve performance and also no joins are required in OODBMS Application Domain: RDBMS is used for large administrative systems, with many instances of simple data types; it can only handle short transactions and few data at a time. OODBMS is for design applications, with many and complex object oriented data types, handles long transactions and large client data. Semantic Gap (DDL/DML Vs. PL): RDBMS offers relational tables in some DDL and a standardized DML with client/server support and with embedded SQL in many Programming languages(PL). SQL is not computationally complete. Applications may have further, often high-level types and special storage structures expressed in some PL. In OODBMS, same OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES like C++ and small talk is used for both client and server. It does accommodate only object-oriented languages and does not accommodate cobol. The database PL is computationally complete. Query Optimization: This is very strong in RDBMS because of the restricted set of data type. OODBMS has poor query optimization because of the complex data structure Primary Keys: In RDBMS rows are uniquely identifying based on the value and also no two records can have the same primary key values this is to avoid error conditions. In an OODBMS, Object Identifiers (OID) which are system generated are used to uniquely identify an object and this is done behind the scenes and this is completely invisible to the user. With this feature in OODBMS there is no limitation on the value that can be stored in an object, thus increasing the efficiency of the database. Vendors Support : RDBMS is highly successful because of the large market size but most of the vendors of RDBMS are adding the capabilities of Object oriented to their applications so they are moving towards ORDBMS. OODBMS are targeting niche market because they lack of support from Vendors. This is due to the fact that the market for RDBMS is very large and it is difficult for vendors to move away from legacy systems that are mostly based on RDBMS. OODBMS Functionality and performance review: Complex process integration among companies is the driving force for adopting OODBMS. The capabilities of Objected-oriented programming language are integrated to the technology of DBMS in OODBMS. Designs of Object database are quite different because object database design is the essential part of the overall application design process. In OODBMS the Object classes used is the same as the classes used by the programming language. Data are stored in tables with columns and rows in relational databases i.e. data are represented in two-dimensional view. This is effective for applications that are simple, straightforward system, possessing low volume. RDBMS is good for application with simple relationships between data. Relational database technology failed to handle the needs of complex information systems because it requires the developer to force an information model into tables where relationships between entities are defined by values and, Relational database requires translation of sub-language like SQL and call interface like JDBC/ODBC. All these slows down the RDBMS data performance Support of abstract object interfaces is actively provided by OODBMS. It manages types, classes and methods, including the execution of methods. Data can be represented in more than two-dimensional view and relationships between data are represented explicitly which improve data access performance The basic functionality of relational database management systems is combined with new functionality of Object oriented in OODBMS. The basic functionalities are: Persistence Transaction Management and Concurrency control Security Recovery Data Access performance Query. Persistence: This is the ability of an object to be stored on a permanent medium and can survive program termination or shutdown. i.e. it can survive the duration of the OS process in which it resides. Persistence data to survive transaction updates they have to be stored outside transaction context. The addition of persistent to objects is essential to making OODBMS applications useful in practice this because most applications need to handle persistent data. Persistence is dealt with in OODBMS by the addition of persistence to object programming language like C++, Smalltalk and Java. OODBMS support persistent objects from data distribution, programming languages, transaction model, versions, schema evolution and generation of new types. Another way OODBMS offer persistence is through Inheriting from a common class. Transaction Management and Concurrency control: The use some form of versioning systems is the means of managing updates to multiple data at the same time in OODBMS, without any interference from one another. OODBMS products allow the objects to remain in the client cache after committing a transaction this is done so that the application is able to reference it again soon. This feature increase performance with the way data are stored and retrieved from the database. Concurrency control enables users to see the same view of object data in OODBMS. This allows a lot of reads and writes operations to go on in parallel while ensuring that the data is in consistent and good state. Security: Secure OODBMSs have certain characteristics that make them unique. The concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, information hiding, methods, and the ability to model real-world entities in object oriented environment provide security model in OODBMS. OODBMS may encapsulate a series of basic access commands into a method and make it public for users, while keeping basic commands themselves away from users. Little work has been done in OODBMS application to add security mechanism against malicious misuse of data. Recovery: Recovery features in OODBMS allow a consistent state of the database to be reinstated after a system crash or failure. This is done by either by rolling back the uncommitted transaction or rolling forward of transactions that has been committed but not completely flushed to disk. Data Access performance

Liverpool one shopping development Essay

Liverpool’s CBD needed regeneration for a variety of reasons. During WW2, it was bombed heavily, due to it being a major port for resources from the USA. During the 1960s, it was rebuilt too quickly and then fell into disrepair before 2000, when the design and infrastructure was outdated. Many parts of the city, especially the CBD suffered from urban decline, with its population dropping by 50% and 45% of its industry also leaving. In addition, Liverpool faced competition for shopping by nearby Manchester and Chester, as well as out-of-town shopping centres like the Trafford Centre. Therefore, Liverpool’s CBD needed regeneration to be more attractive to consumers, and regain its spot in the top 5 shopping destinations in the UK. Liverpool One, the project to rejuvenate Liverpool’s CBD was completed in 2008. It was opened in phases on 29 May and 1 October 2008, with the final residential lots opening in early 2009. In the same year, Liverpool was named as the European Capital of Culture. Its total cost is approximately ? 1billion, with 42 acres of Liverpool city centre being redeveloped. It includes 3000 parking spaces, 169 stores or services, as well as a 5 acre park, and 500 new apartments. It also contains a 14-screen cinema and a 36-hole adventure golf centre. Shops present include Debenhams, John Lewis, Ted Baker, Waterstones, Starbucks, Topshop and Caffe Nero. These are all mainly comparison, high-order goods which are chain stores. The area is indoor, yet also mainly open-air. It is of a modern design, and is two storeys tall. There are many cafes and food areas, with many benches. There are also electronic maps and information panels across the centre. The pedestrian areas are wide and escalators are available to proceed to the higher floors. There have also been other improvements in the CBD, such as the rejuvenation of the Docks and the introduction of the Merseytram tram line in the CBD. As well as this, many roads and smaller streets in Liverpool have been rejuvenated and rebuilt as part of the redevelopments. Areas such as Princes Dock and the Kings Waterfront have seen heavy redevelopments. These have been to attract more tourists and shoppers to the CBD. The project has overall been successful as of yet, with 83% of consumers thinking that the city centre has improved. 91% of people said they were likely to return to Liverpool, and enjoyed the experience. And now, 40% of the shops in Liverpool One are new to the city, showing the popularity of the area. The previously redeveloped Albert Dock has been receiving an extra 100000 visitors per week, with Liverpool One itself receiving over 120000 visitors in the first day, and 13 million in the first year. It is safe the say the rejuvenation of Liverpool’s CBD has been a success, and that Liverpool One has played a big part in reversing the effect of urban decline.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1243 Words

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered, by most, an American classic. Since this novel was published, there have been many that have disobeyed the notice at the beginning and have dug deeper in an attempt to determine the underlying reason for the extreme racism. There is an excessive, undeniable amount of a particular racial slur in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and most of the characters in the novel do not portray African Americans in a positive light. The history of this world is universally known but that should not discredit Mark Twain as a great American writer simply because the term is offensive. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is viewed by many to be offensive an unworthy of literary attention, however, the racism is used satirically and is crucial to the overall novel. Mark Twain has portrayed a few characters as good, kind hearted Christians that are slaveholders. The first instance of this was in Chapter One, in regard to Miss Watson. Of course, Huckleb erry was no child of hers but she attempted to civilize him and teach him, which seems extremely generous of her to do so. When Huckleberry began to misbehave, she warned him that his behavior would cause him to go to a bad place in the afterlife and to which he replied to Miss Watson, â€Å"I wish I was there† (10). â€Å"She [Miss Watson] said it was wicked to say what I had said; said she wouldn’t say it for the whole world; she was going to live so as to go to the good place† (10). Before going to bedShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Exploring The Database Analysis Of The Northwind Database

Much the same as the peruser hunting down a word in a book, a file helps when you are searching for a particular record or set of records with a WHERE statement. This incorporates inquiries searching for a scope of qualities, questions intended to coordinate a particular esteem, and questions playing out a join on two tables. For instance, both of the questions against the Northwind database beneath will profit by a list on the UnitPrice section. Since list sections are put away in arranged request, records additionally help when preparing ORDER BY conditions. Without a file the database needs to stack the records and sort them amid execution. A file on UnitPrice will enable the database to process the accompanying question by just†¦show more content†¦A nonclustered list contains the nonclustered list key esteems and each key esteem section has a pointer to the information push that contains the key esteem. o The pointer from a record push in a nonclustered file to an information push is known as a column locator. The structure of the line locator relies upon whether the information pages are put away in a stack or a bunched table. For a pile, a column locator is a pointer to the line. For a grouped table, the line locator is the bunched list key. o You can add nonkey segments to the leaf level of the nonclustered file to by-pass existing file key breaking points, and execute completely secured, filed, inquiries. †¢ Both bunched and nonclustered files can be extraordinary. This implies no two lines can have a similar incentive for the list key. Something else, the list isnt special and various columns can have a similar key esteem. How Indexes Are Used by the Query Optimizer All around composed records can decrease plate I/O operations and expend less framework assets along these lines enhancing question execution. Records can be useful for an assortment of inquiries that contain SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, or MERGE explanations. Consider the question SELECT Title, HireDate FROM HumanResources.Employee WHERE EmployeeID = 250 in the AdventureWorks2012database. At the point when this inquiry is executed, the question enhancer assesses each accessible technique for recovering the information and chooses the most